This text may be freely distributed, subject to the following + restrictions:
+Text provided by Perseus Digital Library. Original version available for viewing and download at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/.+
Used as the subject, predicate object, or independently in titles.
+
+
+
+ Subject: Serves as the subject of a finite verb. tau=ta oi( ai(retoi\ a)gge/llousi toi=s stratiw/tais
Predicate: The predicate object of verbs such as *kle/arxos fuga\s h)=n
Independent: Standing independently describing titles or names. prosei/lhfe th\n tw=n ponhrw=n koinh\n e)pwnumi/an sukofa/nths
1. limits the meaning of a noun
+2. expresses the idea of source or separation.
+These relationships can be expressed by the English prepositions
+
+ Possession: Denotes possession or ownership o( *ku/rou sto/los
Partitive: Denotes the general class to which a specific noun belongs. oi( a)/poroi tw=n politw=n
Quality: Denotes the quality of a person or thing. Used mainly as a predicate. oi( de/ tines th=s au)th=s gnw/mhs o)li/goi kate/fugon
Explanation: Denotes the specific class to which a general noun belongs. a)/ellai pantoi/wn a)ne/mwn
Material: Denotes the composition or contents of a noun. e(cako/sia ta/lanta fo/rou
Measure: Denotes the extent in space or time of a noun. o)ktw\ stadi/wn tei=xos
Subjective: Denotes the subject of a verbal adjective expressed by a noun, usually with an active sense. tw=n barba/rwn fo/bos
Objective: Denotes the object of a verbal action expressed by a noun, usually with a passive sense. fo/bos tw=n *ei(lw/twn
Price or Value: Denotes the price or value of an object xili/wn draxmw=n di/khn feu/gw
With Certain Verbs: The genitive is used as the object verbs that denote sharing, touching, beginning, aiming at, obtaining, smelling, remembering, hearing, perceiving, filing, ruling, differing, commanding, etc. th=s qala/tths e)kra/tei
Charge: Denotes the crime with verbs of charging, summoning, and convicting. e)me\ o( *me/lhtos a)sebei/as e)gra/yato
Separation: The genitive expresses the ideas of separation with verbs denoting to cease, be apart from, want, lack, etc. lh/gein tw=n po/nwn
Comparison: Denotes the person or thing being compared when used with comparative adjectives, comparative adverbs or verbs expressing the idea of comparison. a)/rxwn a)gaqo\s ou)de\n diafe/rei patro\s a)gaqou=
Cause: The genitive expresses cause with verbs denoting wonder, admiration, anger, etc. to\n ce/non di/kaion ai)ne/sai proqumi/as
Source: The genitive expresses the idea of source. pi/qwn h)fu/sseto oi)=nos
Time or Place within which: The genitive denotes the time or place within which an event happens. w)/|xeto th=s nukto/s
Agency: The genitive with perierrei=to d' au(/th u(po\ tou= *ma/ska ku/klw|
Purpose: The genitive articular infinitive can express purpose. tou= mh\ ta\ di/kaia poiei=n
1. Used as the indirect object.
+2. Expresses how or with what something is done.
+3. Expresses relationships of place where and time when.
+These relationships can be expressed by the English prepositions
+
+ Indirect Object: Used as the indirect object of a verb. *ku=ros di/dwsin au)tw=| e(\c mhnw=n misqo/n
Possessor: Denotes possession with verbs such as a)/llois me\n xrh/mata/ e)sti, h(mi=n de\ cu/mmaxoi a)gaqoi/
Advantage or Disadvantage: Describes the person or thing for (or against) whom an action is done. a)/llw| o( toiou=tos ploutei=, kai\ ou)x e(autw=|
Ethical: A dative personal pronoun denotes the interest of the speaker or the one being spoken to in the action of a statement. toiou=to u(mi=n e)sti h( turanni/s
Agent: Denotes agency with either verbal adjectives ending in tosau=ta/ moi ei)rh/sqw
Attendant Circumstance: Denotes the manner in which an action takes place. pollh=| boh=| prose/keinto
Respect: Denotes the respect or attendant circumstance in which an action is true. a)sqenh\s tw=| sw/mati
Means: Denotes the means with which something is done. e)zhmi/wsan xrh/masin
Degree of Difference: Denotes the degree of difference with words containing an idea of comparison. ou) pollai=s h(me/rais u(/steron h)=lqen
Accompaniment: Denotes accompaniment, frequently with the preposition a)kolouqei=n tw=| h(goume/nw|
Time When: Denotes the point of time when an action takes place. tau/thn me\n th\n h(me/ran au)tou= e)/meinan, th=| de\ u(sterai/a| ktl
Place Where: Denotes the place where an action takes place. Most common in poetry. gh=| e)/keito
With compound verbs: The dative is used as the direct object of many verbs compounded with the prepositions e)lpi/das e)mpoiei=n a)nqrw/pois
Used as the direct object of a verb, or to communicate relationships of motion, space, or time.
+
+
+
+ Direct Object: Used as the direct object of a transitive verb. to\n a)/ndra o(rw=
Cognate: Repeats the sense of the verb in the form of a verbal noun. th\n e)n *salami=ni naumaxi/an naumaxh/santes
Subject of the Infinitive: Used as the subject of an infinitive. to\n ga\r kalo\n ka)gaqo\n a)/ndra eu)dai/mona ei)=nai/ fhmi
Specification or Respect: Limits the scope of a verb or an adjective. tuflo\s ta/ t' w)=ta to/n te nou=n ta/ t' o)/mmat' ei)=
Extent of Space: Describes the space over which an action takes place. a)/gein （stratia\n） stena\s o(dou/s
Extent of Time: Describes the length of time of an action. cummaxi/an e)poih/santo e(kato\n e)/th
End of Motion: Describes the motion towards something with prepositions. In poetry, the preposition may be omitted. pe/myome/n nin *(ella/da
Adverbial: The accusative may serve as an adverb. e)/plee pro/fasin e)p' *(ellhspo/ntou
Oaths: Used with verbs of swearing and the particles o)mnu/w u(mi=n qeou\s pa/ntas kai\ pa/sas
Double Accusative: Many verbs take two accusatives, one of the person affected, the other of the thing. o( po/lemos a)ei/mnhston paidei/an au)tou\s e)pai/deuse
Predicate Accusative: Verbs of naming, appointing, considering take a second accusative as a predicate of the direct object. strathgo\n au)to\n a)pe/deice
Used for exclamations and emphatic address.
+
+
+
+ Exclamations: The vocative is used in exclamations w)= *zeu= kai\ qeoi/
Emphatic address: The vocative is used for emphatic addresses. a)kou/eis
*ai)sxi/nh;
The present tense denotes an action in the present time with continuing aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Present: The present denotes an action in progress at the present time. a)lhqh= le/gw
Gnomic Present: The present can denote a general truth. a)/gei de\ pro\s fw=s th\n a)lh/qeian xro/nos
Historical Present: The present may be used in narrative to present a more vivid picture of an action. o( de\ *qemistoklh=s
Present Simple Conditions: The present or perfect indicative stands in the protasis of present simple conditions. The present or perfect indicative stands in the apodosis. ei) ou)=n bou/lesqe, e)/cestin u(mi=n h(ma=s labei=n cumma/xous
Present General Conditions: The subjunctive with a)dikou=nta, h)\n la/bh|s, kola/zeis;
The perfect denotes present time and completed aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Perfect: The perfect denotes a completed action in the present time. ta\s po/leis au)tw=n parh/|rhtai
Gnomic Perfect: The perfect can denote a general truth. h( a)taci/a pollou\s h)/dh a)polw/leken
Present Simple Conditions: The present or perfect indicative stands in the protasis of present simple conditions. The present or perfect indicative stands in the apodosis. ei) ou)=n bou/lesqe, e)/cestin u(mi=n h(ma=s labei=n cumma/xous
The pluperfect expresses past time and completed aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Pluperfect: The pluperfect expresses a completed action in past time. Past Simple Conditions: The imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of past simple conditions. ei)/ te/ ti a)/llo . . . e)ge/neto e)piki/ndunon toi=s *(/ellhsi, pa/ntwn . . . mete/sxomen
The imperfect expresses past time and continuing aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Imperfect: The imperfect denotes an action that is continuing in a past time or is still incomplete in the present. die/fqeiran *)aqhnai/wn pi/nte kai\ ei)/kosi oi(\ cunepoliorkou=nto
Conative Imperfect: The imperfect can denote an action that was attempted in a past time. *qhbai=oi katedoulou=nt' au)tou/s
Iterative Imperfect: The imperfect can denote a repeated action in past time when accompanied by e)pequ/mei a)/n tis e)/ti plei/w au)tou= a)kou/ein
Present Contrafactual Conditions: The imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of present contrafactual conditions. The imperfect indicative with ei) ga\r e)kh/dou, h(=kes a)\n fe/rwn plh/rh to\n misqo\n
Past Contrafactual Condition: The aorist or imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of past contrafactual conditions. The aorist or imperfect indicative with ou)k a)\n e)poi/hsen *)agasi/as tau=ta, ei) mh\ e)gw\ au)to\n e)ke/leusa
Past Simple Conditions: The imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of past simple conditions. ei)/ te/ ti a)/llo . . . e)ge/neto e)piki/ndunon toi=s *(/ellhsi, pa/ntwn . . . mete/sxomen
Past General Conditions: The optative with ei) de/ tis kai\ a)ntei/poi, eu)qu\s . . . e)teqnh/kei
The aorist expresses past time and simple aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Aorist: The aorist denotes a simple action in the past. e)ni/khsan oi( *kerkurai=oi kai\ nau=s pe/nte kai\ de/ka die/fqeiran
Gnomic Aorist: The aorist can express a general truth and, in this case, should be translated as a present. ka/llos me\n ga\r h)\ xro/nos a)nh/lwsen h)\ no/sos e)ma/rane
Iterative Aorist: The aorist can indicate repeated action in past time when accompanied by Past Contrafactual Condition: The aorist or imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of past contrafactual conditions. The aorist or imperfect indicative with ou)k a)\n e)poi/hsen *)agasi/as tau=ta, ei) mh\ e)gw\ au)to\n e)ke/leusa
Past Simple Conditions: The imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of past simple conditions. ei)/ te/ ti a)/llo . . . e)ge/neto e)piki/ndunon toi=s *(/ellhsi, pa/ntwn . . . mete/sxomen
The future expresses future time with either simple or continuing aspect.
+
+
+
+ Specific Future: The future denotes an action that will take place at a future time. lh/yetai misqo\n ta/lanton
Jussive Future: The future can denote a command, much like the imperative. w(\s ou)=n poih/sete
Gnomic Future: The future can express a general truth and, in this case, should be translated as a present. a)nh\r e)pieikh\s ui(o\n a)pole/sas r(a=|sta
Future More Vivid Conditions: The subjunctive with ti/ e)/stai toi=s stratiw/tais, e)a\n au)tw=| tau=ta xari/swntai
Future Most Vivid Conditions: The future indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of future most vivid conditions. a)poktenei=s ga/r, ei)/ me gh=s e)/cw balei=s
The future perfect expresses future time and completed aspect.
+
+
+
+Specific Future Perfect: The future perfect denotes a completed action in some future time. h( qu/ra keklh/setai
The active voice denotes that the subject is the agent of an action.
+
+
+
+ Transitive: A transitive verb expresses an immediate impact on its object. The object is defined the accusative. Intransitive: An intransitive verb has an indirect impact on an object. The object can be 1) the subject, 2) defined by an oblique case, or 3) defined by a prepositional phrase.
The middle voice denotes that the subject is both an agent of an action and somehow concerned with the action.
+
+
+
+ Direct Reflexive: A direct reflexive middle denotes the idea of dei/sas mh/ e)f' a(rpagh\n tra/poito to\ stra/teuma
Indirect Reflexive: An indirect reflexive middle denotes the idea of me/nein te au)to\n e)ke/leue kai\ su/ndeipnon e)poih/sato
The passive voice denotes that the subject is acted upon. +
The indicative mood expresses simple statements or questions of fact.
+
+
+
+ Specific Indicative: The Indicative mood is used to express a fact or to ask a question anticipating a fact. e)ntau=q' e)/meinen h(me/ras pe/nte
In Purpose or Final Clauses: The future indicative can be used in place of the subjunctive or optative in purpose clauses (Most common in poetry). ou)de\ di' e(\n a)/llo tre/fontai h)\ o(/pws maxou=ntai
In Object Clauses of Effort: The future indicative can be used in object clauses introduced by e)/prasson o(/pws tis boh/qeia h(/cei
In Fear Clauses: The future indicative can sometimes be used in place of the subjunctive in object clauses introduced by de/doika o(/pws mh\ . . . a)na/gkh genh/setai
In Causal Clauses: The indicative is used in causal clauses expressing a factual cause after both primary and secondary tenses. The negative is e)pei\ de\ u(mei=s ou) bou/lesqe sumporeu/esqai, a)na/gkh dh/ moi h)\ u(ma=s prodo/nta th=| *ku/rou fili/a| xrh=sqai ktl.
In Consecutive or Result Clauses: A result clause introduced by ou(/tw dia/keimai u(f' u(mw=n w(ste ou)de\ dei=pnon e)/xw e)n th=| e)mautou= xw/ra|
In Temporal Clauses: The indicative is used in temporal clauses to denote a factual occurrence on a definite occasion in the present or the past. The negative is o(/te tau=ta h)=n, sxedo\n me/sai h)=san nu/ktes
In Indirect Discourse: The indicative is used in indirect discourse introduced by le/gei d' w(s u(bristh/s ei)mi
Present Simple Conditions: The present or perfect indicative stands in the protasis of present simple conditions. The present or perfect indicative stands in the apodosis. ei) ou)=n bou/lesqe, e)/cestin u(mi=n h(ma=s labei=n cumma/xous
Present Contrafactual Conditions: The imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of present contrafactual conditions. The imperfect indicative with ei) ga\r e)kh/dou, h(=kes a)\n fe/rwn plh/rh to\n misqo\n
Present General Conditions: The subjunctive with a)dikou=nta, h)\n la/bh|s, kola/zeis;
Past Simple Conditions: The imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of past simple conditions. ei)/ te/ ti a)/llo . . . e)ge/neto e)piki/ndunon toi=s *(/ellhsi, pa/ntwn . . . mete/sxomen
Past Contrafactual Conditions: The aorist or imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of past contrafactual conditions. The aorist or imperfect indicative with ou)k a)\n e)poi/hsen *)agasi/as tau=ta, ei) mh\ e)gw\ au)to\n e)ke/leusa
Past General Conditions: The optative with ei) de/ tis kai\ a)ntei/poi, eu)qu\s . . . e)teqnh/kei
Future More Vivid Conditions: The subjunctive with ti/ e)/stai toi=s stratiw/tais, e)a\n au)tw=| tau=ta xari/swntai
Future Most Vivid Conditions: The future indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of future most vivid conditions. a)poktenei=s ga/r, ei)/ me gh=s e)/cw balei=s
The meaning of the subjunctive mood varies according to its context.
+
+
+
+ Hortatory: The subjunctive without a)/ge skopw=men
Prohibitive: The second or third person aorist subjunctive without mhde\n a)qumh/shte
Deliberative: The first person subjunctive is used when a speaker questions what she or he should do. The negative is ti/ dra/sw; poi= fu/gw;
Hesitating Assertion: The subjunctive with mh\ a)groiko/teron h)=| to\ a)lhqe\s ei)pei=n
In Purpose or Final Clauses: The subjunctive can be used in purpose clauses following verbs in primary sequence. kata/mene i(/na kai\ peri\ sou= bouleusw/meqa
In Object Clauses of Effort: The subjunctive can occasionally be used in object clauses introduced by e)/prassen . . . o(/pws po/lemos ge/nhtai
In Fear Clauses: The subjunctive is used in object clauses introduced by de/doika mh\ . . . e)pilaqw/meqa th=s oi)/kade o(dou=
In Temporal Clauses: The subjunctive is used with e)peida\n a(/pant' a)kou/shte, kri/nate
Present General Conditions: The subjunctive with a)dikou=nta, h)\n la/bh|s, kola/zeis;
Future More Vivid Conditions: The subjunctive with ti/ e)/stai toi=s stratiw/tais, e)a\n au)tw=| tau=ta xari/swntai
The meaning of the optative mood varies according to its context.
+
+
+
+ Optative of Wish: The optative without w)= pai=, ge/noio patro\s eu)tuxe/steros
Potential Optative: The optative with gnoi/hs d' a)\n o(/ti tou=q' ou(/tws e)/xei
Imperative Optative: The optative without *xeiri/sofos h(goi=to
In Purpose or Final Clauses: The optative can be used in purpose clauses following verbs in secondary sequence. kai\ a(/ma tau=t' ei)pw\n a)ne/sth w(s mh\ me/lloito a)lla\ perai/noito ta\ de/onta
In Object Clauses of Effort: The optative with e)peme/leto o(/pws mh/te a)/sitoi mh/te a)/potoi/ pote e)/sointo
In Fear Clauses: The optative is used in object clauses introduced by e)/deisan oi( (/ *ellhnes mh\ prosa/goien pro\s to\ ke/ras kai\ . . . au)tou\s katako/yeian
In Causal Clauses: Causal clauses expressing a reported cause take the optative after a secondary tense. （oi( *)aqhnai=oi） to\n *perikle/a e)ka/kizon o(/ti strathgo\s w)\n ou)k e)peca/goi
In Temporal Clauses: The optative is used without de/oito/ g' a)\n au)tou= me/nein, e(/ws a)pe/lqois
In Indirect Discourse: The optative can be used in indirect discourse introduced by e)/gnwsan o(/ti keno\s o( fo/bos ei)/h
Past General Conditions: The optative with ei) de/ tis kai\ a)ntei/poi, eu)qu\s . . . e)teqnh/kei
Future Less Vivid Conditions: The optative with deina\ a)\n ei)/hn ei)rgasme/nos, . . . ei) li/poimi th\n ta/cin
The imperative mood is used to express commands and prohibitions.
+
+
+
+ Commands: The imperative is used to express commands. a)/ge dh\ a)kou/sate
Prohibitions: The imperative with mh\ mainw/meqa mhd' ai)sxrw=s a)polw/meqa
The infinitive is a verbal noun. It is verbal in that it is formed from a verbal stem, modified by adverbs, and admits the constructions of a finite verb. It is a noun in that it can be the subject or object of a verb, and can exhibit case syntax.
+
+
+
+ Subject: The infinitive can serve as the subject of a verb, particularly impersonal verbs such as sumfe/rei au)toi=s fi/lous ei)=nai
Object: The infinitive can serve as the object of verbs that imply a supplementary action. pai/deusis kalh\ dida/skei xrh=sqai no/mois
Complementary: The infinitive can complement adjectives, adverbs, and substantives that imply ability or suitability. deino\s le/gein, kako\s biw=nai
Purpose: The infinitive can express purpose, particularly after verbs implying choosing or giving. pare/xw e)mauto\n e)rwta=n
In Consecutive/Result Clauses: A result clause introduced by e)/xw trih/\reis w(/ste e(lei=n to\ e)kei/nwn ploi=on
Absolute: The infinitive can be used absolutely in parenthetical phrases. a)lhqe/s ge w(s e)/pos ei)pei=n ou)de\n ei)rh/kasin
Imperative: The infinitive can be used to express a command. a)kou/ete lew/|: kata\ ta\ pa/tria tou\s xo/as pi/nein
Exclamatory: The infinitive can be used absolutely in exclamations. e)me\ paqei=n ta/de
Wishes: The infinitive can be used in place of an optative of wish. w)= *zeu=, e)kgene/sqai moi *)aqhnai/ous tei/sasqai
In Indirect Discourse: The infinitive can be used in to represent a finite verb in indirect discourse after verbs expressing the idea of saying, believing, and thinking. e)/fh h)\ a)/cein *lakedaimoni/ous h)\ au)tou= a)poktenei=n
Articular Infinitive: The infinitive can be used with the article as if it were a noun. a)ni/h kai\ to\ fula/ssein
Participles are verbal adjectives. Participles are like adjectives in that:
+
Participles are like verbs in that:
+
+
+
+
+ Attributive: A participle with an article in the attributive position functions as an adjective. o( e)festhkw\s ki/ndunos th=| po/lei
Circumstantial: A participle not in the attributive position can describe an accompanying circumstance relating to the action of the sentence. oi a)/nqrwpoi lipo/ntes th\n o(do\n feu/gontes o)li/goi a)pe/qnh|skon
Circumstantial - Temporal: A circumstantial participle can denote a temporal relationship. a)kou/sasi toi=s strathgoi=s tau=ta e)/doce to\ stra/teuma sunagagei=n
Circumstantial - Manner: A circumstantial participle can denote the manner of an action. parh/launon tetagme/noi
Circumstantial - Means: A circumstantial participle can denote the means of an action. lh|zo/menoi cw=si
Circumstantial - Cause: A circumstantial participle can denote the cause of an action. A causal participle accompanied by the particles oi( ga\r *ko/lxoi, a(/te e)kpeptwko/tes tw=n oi)kiw=n, polloi\ h)=san a(qro/oi
e)qanatw/qh u(po\ tw=n e)n *spa/rth| telw=n w(s a)peiqw=n
Circumstantial - Purpose: The future participle accompanied by prope/myantes kh/ruka po/lemon proerou=nta
Circumstantial - Concession: A circumstantial participle can have concessive force. polloi\ ga\r o)/ntes eu)genei=s ei)sin kakoi/
Circumstantial - Condition: A circumstantial participle can have conditional force. The negative of circumstantial participles is su\ de\ klu/wn ei)/sei ta/xa
Genitive Absolute: A circumstantial participle in the genitive agreeing with a noun or a pronoun that is not related to the construction of the main sentence is a genitive absolute. A genitive absolute can express the same relationships as other circumstantial participles. tou=to de\ le/gontos au)tou= pta/rnutai/ tis
Accusative Absolute: A circumstantial participle of an impersonal verb in the accusative agreeing with a noun or a pronoun not related to the construction of the main sentence is an accusative absolute. An accusative absolute can express the same relationships as other circumstantial participles. do/can de\ tau=ta e)kh/rucan ou(/tw poiei=n
Supplementary Participle: The supplementary participle completes the meaning of verbs that denote beginning and ceasing and the verbs a)/rista tugxa/nousi pra/cantes
In Indirect Discourse: The participle can be used to represent a finite verb in indirect discourse after verbs expressing the idea of knowing, learning, remembering, or showing (me/mnhmai *kriti/a| tw=|de cuno/nta se
This text may be freely distributed, subject to the following + restrictions:
+Text provided by Perseus Digital Library, with funding from The Annenberg CPB/Project. Original version available for viewing and download at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/.+